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A Federal Reserve Bank is a regional ngân hàng of the Federal Reserve System, the central banking system of the United States. There are twelve in total, one for each of the twelve Federal Reserve Districts that were created by the Federal Reserve Act of 1913.^[1] The banks are jointly responsible for implementing the monetary policy phối forth by the Federal Open Market Committee, and are divided as follows:

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Some banks also possess branches, with the whole system being headquartered at the Eccles Building in Washington, D.C.

History[edit]

The Federal Reserve Banks are the most recent institutions that the United States government has created to lớn provide functions of a central ngân hàng. Prior institutions have included the First (1791–1811) and Second (1818–1824) Banks of the United States, the Independent Treasury (1846–1920) and the National Banking System (1863–1935). Several policy questions have arisen with these institutions, including the degree of influence by private interests, the balancing of regional economic concerns, the prevention of financial panics, and the type of reserves used to lớn back currency.^[2]

A financial crisis known as the Panic of 1907 threatened several Thành Phố New York banks with failure, an outcome avoided through loans arranged by banker J. P.. Morgan. Morgan succeeded in restoring confidence to lớn the Thành Phố New York banking community, but the panic revealed weaknesses in the U.S. financial system, such that a private banker could dictate the terms of a bank's survival.^[3] In other parts of the country, clearing houses briefly issued their own money notes to lớn carry on business. In response, Congress formed the National Monetary Commission to lớn investigate options for providing currency and credit in future panics. Based on the Commission's findings and other proposals, Congress established the Federal Reserve System in which several Federal Reserve Banks would provide liquidity to lớn banks in different regions of the country.^[2] The Federal Reserve Banks opened for business in November 1914.^[4]

Legal status[edit]

The Reserve Banks are organized as self-financing corporations and empowered by Congress to lớn distribute currency and regulate its value under policies phối by the Federal Open Market Committee and the Board of Governors. Their corporate structure reflects the concurrent interests of the government and the thành viên banks, but neither of these interests amounts to lớn outright ownership.

Legal cases involving the Federal Reserve Banks have concluded that they are "private", but can be held or deemed as "governmental" depending on the particular law at issue. In United States Shipping Board Emergency Fleet Corporation v. Western Union Telegraph Co.,^[5] the U.S. Supreme Court stated, "Instrumentalities lượt thích the national banks or the federal reserve banks, in which there are private interests, are not departments of the government. They are private corporations in which the government has an interest." The United States has an interest in the Federal Reserve Banks as tax-exempt federally created instrumentalities whose profits belong to lớn the federal government, but this interest is not proprietary.^[6] In Lewis v. United States,^[7] the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit stated that: "The Reserve Banks are not federal instrumentalities for purposes of the FTCA [the Federal Tort Claims Act], but are independent, privately owned and locally controlled corporations." The opinion went on to lớn say, however, that: "The Reserve Banks have properly been held to lớn be federal instrumentalities for some purposes," such as anti-bribery law. Another relevant decision is Scott v. Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City,^[6] in which the distinction is made between Federal Reserve Banks, which are federally created instrumentalities, and the Board of Governors, which is a federal agency.

The original Federal Reserve Act provided starting capital for the Reserve Banks by requiring the participating banks to lớn purchase stock in a Reserve Bank in proportion to lớn their assets. This stock pays a dividend out of the Reserve Bank's earnings but otherwise is quite different from common stock in a private corporation. It may not be traded, transferred or borrowed against, and it grants no ownership of the Reserve Bank's surplus.^[8] A bank's stock ownership does not give it proportional voting power to lớn choose the Reserve Bank's directors; instead, each thành viên ngân hàng receives three ranked votes for six of the Reserve Bank's nine directors, who are subject to lớn qualifications defined in the Federal Reserve Act. If a Reserve Bank were ever dissolved or liquidated, the Act states that members would be eligible to lớn redeem their stock up to lớn its purchase value, while any remaining surplus would belong to lớn the federal government.^[9]

Regarding the structural relationship between the twelve Federal Reserve banks and the commercial (member) banks, political science professor Michael D. Reagan explains that,^[10]

the "ownership" of the Reserve Banks by the commercial banks is symbolic; they tự not exercise the proprietary control associated with the concept of ownership nor share, beyond the statutory dividend, in Reserve Bank "profits." ... Bank ownership and election at the base are therefore devoid of substantive significance, despite the superficial appearance of private ngân hàng control that the formal arrangement creates.

Function[edit]

The Federal Reserve Banks offer various services to lớn the federal government and the private sector:^[11][12]

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• Acting as depositories for ngân hàng reserves
• Lending to lớn banks to lớn cover short-term fund deficits, seasonal business cycles, or extraordinary liquidity demands (i.e. runs)
• Collecting and clearing payments between banks
• Issuing banknotes for general circulation as currency
• Administering the deposit accounts of the federal government
• Conducting auctions and buybacks of federal debt
• Purchasing obligations of non-bank entities via emergency credit facilities authorized by the Board of Governors

Historically the Reserve Banks compensated thành viên banks for keeping reserves on deposit (and therefore unavailable for lending) by paying them a dividend from earnings, limited by law to lớn 6 percent. The Emergency Economic Stabilization Act (EESA) of 2008 additionally authorized the Reserve Banks to lớn pay interest on thành viên ngân hàng reserves, while the FAST Act of năm ngoái imposed an additional dividend limit equal to lớn the yield determined in the most recent 10-year Treasury Note auction.

Although all Reserve Banks have the legal authority to lớn conduct open-market operations, in practice only the Reserve Bank of Thành Phố New York does sánh. It manages the System Open Market Account (SOMA), a portfolio of government-issued or government-guaranteed securities that is shared among all of the Reserve Banks.^[13]

Finances[edit]

The Federal Reserve Banks fund their own operations, primarily by distributing the earnings from the System Open Market Account. Expenses and dividends paid are typically a small fraction of a Federal Reserve Bank's revenue each year.^[14] The banks may retain part of their earnings in their own surplus funds that are limited to lớn $7.5 billion, system-wide. The rest must be transferred via the Board of Governors to lớn the Secretary of the Treasury, who then deposits it to lớn the Treasury's general fund.^[15][16] When a Reserve Bank's earnings are insufficient to lớn cover its expenses and dividends, it introduces a deferred asset on its books to lớn be realized from future earnings.^[17]

The Reserve Banks were historically capitalized through deposits of gold, and in 1933 all privately held monetary gold was transferred to lớn them under Executive Order 6102. This gold was in turn transferred to lớn the Treasury under the Gold Reserve Act of 1934 in exchange for gold certificates that may not be redeemed under current law. The Reserve Banks continue to lớn report these certificates as assets, but they tự not represent direct gold ownership and the Board of Governors has stated that "the Federal Reserve does not own gold."^[18]

Although the Reserve Banks operate as distinct financial entities, they participate each April in an interdistrict settlement process that has three purposes: settling the payment balances that the Reserve Banks owe each other; allocating ownership of the SOMA portfolio; and establishing uniform gold certificate backing for Federal Reserve Notes. This process connects the Reserve Banks' different functions — monetary policy, payment clearing and currency issue — as an integrated system.^[19]

The Federal Reserve Banks conduct ongoing internal audits of their operations to lớn ensure that their accounts are accurate and comply with the Federal Reserve System's accounting principles. The banks are also subject to lớn two types of external auditing. Since 1978 the Government Accountability Office (GAO) has conducted regular audits of the banks' operations. The GAO audits are reported to lớn the public, but they may not review a bank's monetary policy decisions or disclose them to lớn the public.^[20] Since 1999 each ngân hàng has also been required to lớn submit to lớn an annual audit by an external accounting firm,^[21] which produces a confidential report to lớn the ngân hàng and a summary statement for the bank's annual report. Some members of Congress continue to lớn advocate a more public and intrusive GAO audit of the Federal Reserve System,^[22] but Federal Reserve representatives tư vấn the existing restrictions to lớn prevent political influence over long-range economic decisions.^[23][24]

Banks[edit]

The Federal Reserve officially identifies Districts by number and Reserve Bank thành phố.^[25]

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• 1st District (A): Federal Reserve Bank of Boston
• 2nd District (B): Federal Reserve Bank of New York
• 3rd District (C): Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia
• 4th District (D): Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, with branches in Cincinnati, Ohio and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
• 5th District (E): Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, with branches in Baltimore, Maryland and Charlotte, North Carolina
• 6th District (F): Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, with branches in Birmingham, Alabama; Jacksonville, Florida; Miami, Florida; Nashville, Tennessee; and New Orleans, Louisiana
• 7th District (G): Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, with a branch in Detroit, Michigan. ^[26]
• 8th District (H): Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, with branches in Little Rock, Arkansas; Louisville, Kentucky; and Memphis, Tennessee
• 9th District (I): Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, with a branch in Helena, Montana
• 10th District (J): Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, with branches in Denver, Colorado; Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; and Omaha, Nebraska
• 11th District (K): Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, with branches in El Paso, Texas; Houston, Texas; and San Antonio, Texas
• 12th District (L): Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, with branches in Los Angeles, California; Portland, Oregon; Salt Lake City, Utah; and Seattle, Washington

The Thành Phố New York Federal Reserve district is the largest by asset value. San Francisco, followed by Kansas City and Minneapolis, represent the largest geographical districts. Missouri is the only state to lớn have two Federal Reserve Banks (Kansas City and St. Louis). California, Florida, Missouri, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, and Texas are the only states which have two or more Federal Reserve Bank branches seated within their states, with Missouri, Pennsylvania, and Tennessee having branches of two different districts within the same state. In the 12th District, the Seattle Branch serves Alaska, and the San Francisco Bank serves Hawaii. Thành Phố New York, Richmond, and San Francisco are the only banks that oversee non-U.S. state territories. The System serves these territories as follows: the Thành Phố New York Bank serves the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands; the Richmond Bank serves the District of Columbia; the San Francisco Bank serves American Samoa, Guam, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. The Board of Governors last revised the branch boundaries of the System in February 1996.^[25]

Assets[edit]

List of current presidents and CEOs of Federal Reserve Banks[edit]

See also[edit]

• Chair of the Federal Reserve
• Criticism of the Federal Reserve
• Federal funds rate
• Federal Reserve Act
• List of Federal Reserve branches
• List of regions of the United States#Federal Reserve Banks

Citations[edit]

General and cited sources[edit]

External links[edit]

• The Twelve Federal Reserve Districts
• Federal Reserve Board Annual Reports