asic quality la gi

While software engineers may write code, hardware engineers speak it. We love our three-letter acronyms (TLAs): EVT, DVT, PVT, MP; OK, NG, FA, CA; PD, EPM, OPM; PRD, DRP, BOM. Goodness, how bởi we even understand each other?

I spend a lot of my time speaking with engineers at hardware companies — large and small — about their manufacturing pain points. In the course of those conversations, we are always talking about those pain points in the context of product maturity and the builds: EVT, DVT, PVT, and MP. While a few companies use slightly different nomenclature, the basic structure is consistent: you build prototypes of the design multiple times to tát zero in on the final, mass production ready design. Interestingly enough, there are differences in understanding across the consumer electronics industry on what EVT and DVT product maturity even mean. Internet searches bởi not return satisfying results, sánh early hardware companies have this question a lot. I’ve put together this guide to tát explain the builds — cobbled together from my own years of experience as a Product Design Engineer and nearly a hundred interviews with hardware engineers.

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Proto

The Proto build is a small test run rẩy of key product concepts to tát gain confidence that they can work — potentially a combination of different size factors including looks-like and works-like.

Purpose: to understand risks around specific modules or designs, usually with multiple variants in low quantities, such as:

• Fragility of coverglass in drop test with different adhesives, perhaps done on dummy housing bucks
• Waterproofness of five different button seal designs

Typical Quantities: 10 or fewer, sometimes no “full systems” are even built

• Parts may be “stand-ins” or rapidly prototyped (which may change results for better or worse)
• Sub-modules bởi not have to tát be integrated — units may be “works like” or “looks like”

Things that Go Wrong:

• Part quality is poor, resulting in incorrect dimensions or an interference was missed in the CAD (3D model), sánh parts bởi not fit together and have to tát be modified by hand
• Pin 1s on connectors were not correctly mapped, sánh things bởi not electrically work even when plugged together
• The intended design fails miserably during testing and needs to tát be redesigned

Exit Criteria: one design concept for the product that the team has reasonable confidence is three major iterations or less from a mass-production worthy design

EVT (Engineering Validation Test)

The EVT build is the first time you combine looks-like and works-like into one size factor, with production intent materials and manufacturing processes.

Purpose:

1. To select the production intent design, sometimes from a build matrix of options
2. To identify all of the issues that need to tát be fixed with that design

Typical Quantities: 100 to tát 1000

• Units must be fully functional and testable, made from the intended materials and with the intended manufacturing process, but may be from soft-tools (if you’re using 3 chiều printed parts, it’s not EVT!)
• All functional test stations must be present and collecting data

Things that Go Wrong:

• A new revision of an intended design does not work after reliability testing
• Tighter than thở expected (or capable) tolerances are needed to tát meet the intended performance specifications — such as with an antenna element
• Depending on product complexity, up to tát ~40% of the units built may fail for a variety of functional or performance reasons and need to tát be analyzed
• Engineering has started the battle to tát get glue processes, hand-soldering, environmental seals, and other tricky steps under control

Exit Criteria: one production-worthy configuration that meets all of the product requirements for functionality, performance, and reliability

DVT (Design Validation Test)

The DVT build is supposed to tát be one configuration of your production-worthy design, made of components from production processes (and hard tools) and on a line following production procedures. I believe very few companies actually stick to tát this requirement — because even if miraculously there are no outstanding issues, there may be parallel efforts to tát cut cost or increase yields that create additional configurations to tát build.

If you bởi have functional, performance, or reliability issues that are driving Plan B and Plan C configurations at this stage, it can be costly because each of those alternates needs to tát be built in “full quantity” to tát ensure that design can be fully mass-production qualified by the over of the build. I believe that’s the real test for whether you are at DVT or not: if you are running side configurations of đôi mươi units, you are fooling yourself, and should Điện thoại tư vấn it EVT2.

Purpose:

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1. To verify mass production yields with one production-worthy design (one configuration for each shipping SKU)
2. To qualify the first hard tool for every part in the assembly

Typical Quantities: 300 to tát 2000

• All parts should be from hard tools or mass production capable processes
• All functional test stations must be present with limits in place to tát understand true yields

Things that Go Wrong:

• High functional fallout rates — requiring the need for fast failure analysis and corrective actions
• Cosmetic yields are 0% — there may be an effort to tát try to tát track down and fix cosmetic aggressors, but it is usually fruitless because your cosmetic part suppliers are likely still shipping scratched parts (and you are having to tát waive them)
• At least one key process, such as gluing, is still not under control —
  • DOEs (there’s another one! Design of Experiments, mentally replace with “experiments”) are run rẩy with alternate glues or curing parameters
  • there are nightly calls with vendors demanding tư vấn or giving updates to tát hardware company executives

Exit Criteria: high confidence in all corrective actions for any issue that causes unacceptable yields on units using mass production parts made from mass production tools.

PVT (Production Validation Test)

PVT is the “last build” — the units you are building are supposedly intended to tát be sold to tát customers, if they pass all of your test stations. PVT typically transitions directly into Ramp and Mass Production, or a Pilot build with no time gap.

Purpose: to verify mass production yields at mass production speeds

• Validate and qualify additional tools needed to tát tư vấn quantities for early ramp
• No parallel experimental units allowed (I have never seen this actually happen, but it is a goal that should be driven to tát for as long as possible)

Typical Quantities: 1K to tát 20K

• All units are intended to tát be sold to tát customers
• The build is potentially phased — red, yellow, green is common — indicating “maturity” of the production process, which includes a combination of operator training level, line tốc độ, and line yield

Things that Go Wrong:

• There is almost always at least one issue that is still outstanding at the start of PVT — this is likely the item at highest risk of impacting your schedule
• There is usually at least one vendor whose yields are way lower than thở expected, and because they cannot produce at the quantities promised, input is gated by their deliveries
• If you have a high cosmetic standard, your cosmetic yield likely starts at 0%. Unless you decide to tát loosen your standard, the conventional way to tát improve it is to tát knowingly input units to tát a 0% yield line and painstakingly seek places where damage occurs and improve them. This process can take weeks and hundreds or thousands of units. An Instrumental system can streamline and significantly accelerate this process

Exit Criteria: mass production yields at mass production speeds on at least one line, and replication to tát other lines already started.

Ramp and MP (Mass Production)

PVT flows immediately into the phase of the program called Ramp, where parallel assembly lines are being brought up to tát increase daily output volume. Mass Production is a superset of Ramp and the sustaining production that follows.

Purpose:

• Bring up multiple lines in parallel to tát tư vấn high volume
• Continue to tát improve ongoing yield
• Qualify additional tools or vendors
• Make design changes based on returns, Early Field Failure Analysis (EFFA), or cost down efforts

Things that Go Wrong:
Vendors change processing parameters or take down tools for maintenance, resulting in dimensional or quality shifts that can cause line failures
Parts from unqualified tools are allowed on the line and cause failures
A single-sourced part becomes the supply gate, usually due to tát ongoing yield issues
Quality tends to tát decrease as engineering is pulled away and factory is left unsupervised

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Beware XVT

Timing for the build process outlined above is driven by the need to tát iterate hardware in order to tát get the design right. That need often comes into direct conflict with the realities of the market: if you’re building a toy, for example, it must be ready to tát ship for Christmas. This tension between the iteration process and the market-driven schedule can bởi weird and sometimes dangerous things to tát the development process. While there’s much to tát discuss on that topic, I wanted to tát over with a cautionary note about the nuclear option: XVT.

XVT is a fabrication of over-optimistic program managers and operations executives who believe that it’s possible to tát enter a build with EVT parts and complete DVT exit criteria (the X being a stand-in for either an E or a D, where everyone crosses their fingers that by the over it’s a D). XVT doesn’t stand for anything, but if it did, it would be No Validation Test. My experience and the experience of many engineers I have spoken with suggest that investing massive DVT-scale resources into an EVT maturity design does not get your product out faster. If the schedule is really putting pressure on your design and you’re contemplating cutting corners in the development process to tát stay on track, it is possible Instrumental may be able to tát help your team move faster.

We make tools to tát help hardware companies find and fix manufacturing issues faster via remote inspection and measurement. Contact us for a phác họa to tát find out more!